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| 73.1 Introduction to string processing | ||
| 73.2 Functions and Variables for input and output | ||
| 73.3 Functions and Variables for characters | ||
| 73.4 Functions and Variables for strings |
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stringproc.lisp enlarges Maximas capabilities of working with strings
and adds some useful functions for file in/output.
For questions and bugs please mail to van.nek at arcor.de .
In Maxima a string is easily constructed by typing "text".
stringp
tests for strings.
(%i1) m: "text"; (%o1) text (%i2) stringp(m); (%o2) true
Characters are represented as strings of length 1.
These are not Lisp characters.
Tests can be done with charp
(respectively lcharp
and conversion from Lisp to Maxima characters with cunlisp
).
(%i1) c: "e"; (%o1) e (%i2) [charp(c),lcharp(c)]; (%o2) [true, false] (%i3) supcase(c); (%o3) E (%i4) charp(%); (%o4) true
All functions in stringproc.lisp that return characters, return
Maxima characters. Due to the fact, that the introduced characters are strings
of length 1, you can use a lot of string functions also for characters.
As seen, supcase
is one example.
It is important to know, that the first character in a Maxima string is at
position 1. This is designed due to the fact that the first element in a
Maxima list is at position 1 too. See definitions of charat
and
charlist
for examples.
In applications string functions are often used when working with files.
You will find some useful stream and print functions in stringproc.lisp.
The following example shows some of the here introduced functions at work.
Example:
openw
returns an output stream to a file, printf then allows
formatted writing to this file. See printf
for details.
(%i1) s: openw("E:/file.txt");
(%o1) #<output stream E:/file.txt>
(%i2) for n:0 thru 10 do printf( s, "~d ", fib(n) );
(%o2) done
(%i3) printf( s, "~%~d ~f ~a ~a ~f ~e ~a~%",
42,1.234,sqrt(2),%pi,1.0e-2,1.0e-2,1.0b-2 );
(%o3) false
(%i4) close(s);
(%o4) true
After closing the stream you can open it again, this time with input direction.
readline
returns the entire line as one string. The stringproc
package now offers a lot of functions for manipulating strings. Tokenizing can
be done by split
or tokens.
(%i5) s: openr("E:/file.txt");
(%o5) #<input stream E:/file.txt>
(%i6) readline(s);
(%o6) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
(%i7) line: readline(s);
(%o7) 42 1.234 sqrt(2) %pi 0.01 1.0E-2 1.0b-2
(%i8) list: tokens(line);
(%o8) [42, 1.234, sqrt(2), %pi, 0.01, 1.0E-2, 1.0b-2]
(%i9) map( parse_string, list );
(%o9) [42, 1.234, sqrt(2), %pi, 0.01, 0.01, 1.0b-2]
(%i10) float(%);
(%o10) [42.0, 1.234, 1.414213562373095, 3.141592653589793, 0.01,
0.01, 0.01]
(%i11) readline(s);
(%o11) false
(%i12) close(s)$
readline returns false when the end of file occurs.
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Example:
(%i1) s: openw("E:/file.txt");
(%o1) #<output stream E:/file.txt>
(%i2) control:
"~2tAn atom: ~20t~a~%~2tand a list: ~20t~{~r ~}~%~2t\
and an integer: ~20t~d~%"$
(%i3) printf( s,control, 'true,[1,2,3],42 )$
(%o3) false
(%i4) close(s);
(%o4) true
(%i5) s: openr("E:/file.txt");
(%o5) #<input stream E:/file.txt>
(%i6) while stringp( tmp:readline(s) ) do print(tmp)$
An atom: true
and a list: one two three
and an integer: 42
(%i7) close(s)$
Closes stream and returns true if stream had been open.
Returns the number of elements in stream.
Returns the current position in stream, if pos is not used. If
pos is used, fposition sets the position in stream.
pos has to be a positive number, the first element in stream is in
position 1.
Writes a new line (to stream), if the position is not at the beginning of
a line. See also newline.
Writes a new line (to stream). See sprint
for an example of using
newline(). Note that there are some cases, where newline() does
not work as expected.
Returns an output stream to file.
If an existing file is opened, opena appends elements at the end of file.
Returns an input stream to file. If file does not exist, it will be created.
Returns an output stream to file.
If file does not exist, it will be created.
If an existing file is opened, openw destructively modifies file.
Makes the Common Lisp function FORMAT available in Maxima. (From gcl.info: "format produces formatted output by outputting the characters of control-string string and observing that a tilde introduces a directive. The character after the tilde, possibly preceded by prefix parameters and modifiers, specifies what kind of formatting is desired. Most directives use one or more elements of args to create their output.")
The following description and the examples may give an idea of using
printf. See a Lisp reference for more information.
~% new line
~& fresh line
~t tab
~$ monetary
~d decimal integer
~b binary integer
~o octal integer
~x hexadecimal integer
~br base-b integer
~r spell an integer
~p plural
~f floating point
~e scientific notation
~g ~f or ~e, depending upon magnitude
~h bigfloat
~a uses Maxima function string
~s like ~a, but output enclosed in "double quotes"
~~ ~
~< justification, ~> terminates
~( case conversion, ~) terminates
~[ selection, ~] terminates
~{ iteration, ~} terminates
Note that the selection directive ~[ is zero indexed.
Also note that the directive ~* is not supported.
(%i1) printf( false, "~a ~a ~4f ~a ~@r",
"String",sym,bound,sqrt(12),144), bound = 1.234;
(%o1) String sym 1.23 2*sqrt(3) CXLIV
(%i2) printf( false,"~{~a ~}",["one",2,"THREE"] );
(%o2) one 2 THREE
(%i3) printf(true,"~{~{~9,1f ~}~%~}",mat ),
mat = args(matrix([1.1,2,3.33],[4,5,6],[7,8.88,9]))$
1.1 2.0 3.3
4.0 5.0 6.0
7.0 8.9 9.0
(%i4) control: "~:(~r~) bird~p ~[is~;are~] singing."$
(%i5) printf( false,control, n,n,if n=1 then 0 else 1 ), n=2;
(%o5) Two birds are singing.
If dest is a stream or true, then printf returns
false. Otherwise, printf returns a string containing the output.
Returns a string containing the characters from the current position in stream up to the end of the line or false if the end of the file is encountered.
Evaluates and displays its arguments one after the other `on a line' starting
at the leftmost position. The numbers are printed with the '-' right next to
the number, and it disregards line length. newline(), which will be
autoloaded from stringproc.lisp might be useful, if you whish to place
intermediate line breaking.
Examples:
(%i1) for n:0 thru 19 do sprint( fib(n) )$
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181
(%i2) for n:0 thru 22 do (
sprint(fib(n)), if mod(n,10)=9 then newline() )$
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181
6765 10946 17711
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Returns true if char is an alphabetic character.
Returns true if char is an alphabetic character or a digit.
Returns the character corresponding to the ASCII number int. ( -1 < int < 256 )
Examples:
(%i1) for n from 0 thru 255 do (
tmp: ascii(n), if alphacharp(tmp) then sprint(tmp),
if n=96 then newline() )$
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Returns true if char_1 and char_2 are the same.
Like cequal
but ignores case.
Returns true if the ASCII number of char_1 is greater than the
number of char_2.
Like cgreaterp
but ignores case.
Returns true if obj is a Maxima character.
See introduction for example.
Returns the ASCII number of char.
Returns true if the ASCII number of char_1 is less than the number
of char_2.
Like clessp
but ignores case.
Returns true if char is a graphic character and not the space
character. A graphic character is a character one can see, plus the space
character. (constituent is defined by Paul Graham, ANSI Common Lisp,
1996, page 67.)
Example:
(%i1) for n from 0 thru 255 do (
tmp: ascii(n), if constituent(tmp) then sprint(tmp) )$
! " # % ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c
d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
Converts a Lisp character into a Maxima character. (You won't need it.)
Returns true if char is a digit.
Returns true if obj is a Lisp character.
(You won't need it.)
Returns true if char is a lowercase character.
The newline character.
The space character.
The tab character.
Returns true if char is an uppercase character.
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Returns true if obj is a string.
See introduction for example.
Returns the n-th character of string. The first character in string is returned with n = 1.
Example:
(%i1) charat("Lisp",1);
(%o1) L
Returns the list of all characters in string.
Example:
(%i1) charlist("Lisp");
(%o1) [L, i, s, p]
(%i2) %[1];
(%o2) L
Parse the string str as a Maxima expression and evaluate it. The string
str may or may not have a terminator (dollar sign $ or semicolon
;). Only the first expression is parsed and evaluated, if there is more
than one.
Complain if str is not a string.
See also parse_string.
Examples:
(%i1) eval_string ("foo: 42; bar: foo^2 + baz");
(%o1) 42
(%i2) eval_string ("(foo: 42, bar: foo^2 + baz)");
(%o2) baz + 1764
Parse the string str as a Maxima expression (do not evaluate it). The
string str may or may not have a terminator (dollar sign $ or
semicolon ;). Only the first expression is parsed, if there is more
than one.
Complain if str is not a string.
See also eval_string.
Examples:
(%i1) parse_string ("foo: 42; bar: foo^2 + baz");
(%o1) foo : 42
(%i2) parse_string ("(foo: 42, bar: foo^2 + baz)");
2
(%o2) (foo : 42, bar : foo + baz)
Returns a copy of string as a new string.
Like supcase,
but uppercase characters are converted to lowercase.
Returns true if string_1 and string_2 are the same length
and contain the same characters.
Like sequal
but ignores case.
sexplode is an alias for function charlist.
simplode takes a list of expressions and concatenates them into a string.
If no delimiter delim is specified, simplode uses no delimiter.
delim can be any string.
Examples:
(%i1) simplode(["xx[",3,"]:",expand((x+y)^3)]);
(%o1) xx[3]:y^3+3*x*y^2+3*x^2*y+x^3
(%i2) simplode( sexplode("stars")," * " );
(%o2) s * t * a * r * s
(%i3) simplode( ["One","more","coffee."]," " );
(%o3) One more coffee.
Returns a string that is a concatenation of substring (string,
1, pos - 1), the string seq and substring (string,
pos). Note that the first character in string is in position 1.
Examples:
(%i1) s: "A submarine."$
(%i2) concat( substring(s,1,3),"yellow ",substring(s,3) );
(%o2) A yellow submarine.
(%i3) sinsert("hollow ",s,3);
(%o3) A hollow submarine.
Returns string except that each character from position start to end is inverted. If end is not given, all characters from start to the end of string are replaced.
Examples:
(%i1) sinvertcase("sInvertCase");
(%o1) SiNVERTcASE
Returns the number of characters in string.
Returns a new string with a number of num characters char.
Example:
(%i1) smake(3,"w"); (%o1) www
Returns the position of the first character of string_1 at which
string_1 and string_2 differ or false. Default test function
for matching is sequal.
If smismatch should ignore case, use
sequalignore
as test.
Example:
(%i1) smismatch("seven","seventh");
(%o1) 6
Returns the list of all tokens in string.
Each token is an unparsed string.
split uses delim as delimiter.
If delim is not given, the space character is the default delimiter.
multiple is a boolean variable with true by default.
Multiple delimiters are read as one.
This is useful if tabs are saved as multiple space characters.
If multiple is set to false, each delimiter is noted.
Examples:
(%i1) split("1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5");
(%o1) [1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.5]
(%i2) split("first;;third;fourth",";",false);
(%o2) [first, , third, fourth]
Returns the position of the first character in string which matches
char. The first character in string is in position 1.
For matching characters ignoring case see ssearch.
Returns a string like string but without all substrings matching
seq. Default test function for matching is sequal.
If
sremove should ignore case while searching for seq, use
sequalignore
as test. Use start and end to limit searching.
Note that the first character in string is in position 1.
Examples:
(%i1) sremove("n't","I don't like coffee.");
(%o1) I do like coffee.
(%i2) sremove ("DO ",%,'sequalignore);
(%o2) I like coffee.
Like sremove except that only the first substring that matches seq
is removed.
Returns a string with all the characters of string in reverse order.
Returns the position of the first substring of string that matches the
string seq. Default test function for matching is sequal.
If
ssearch should ignore case, use sequalignore
as test. Use
start and end to limit searching. Note that the first character in
string is in position 1.
Example:
(%i1) ssearch("~s","~{~S ~}~%",'sequalignore);
(%o1) 4
Returns a string that contains all characters from string in an order such
there are no two successive characters c and d such that
test (c, d) is false and test (d,
c) is true. Default test function for sorting is
clessp.
The set of test functions is {.
clessp,
clesspignore,
cgreaterp,
cgreaterpignore,
cequal,
cequalignore
}
Example:
(%i1) ssort("I don't like Mondays.");
(%o1) '.IMaddeiklnnoosty
(%i2) ssort("I don't like Mondays.",'cgreaterpignore);
(%o2) ytsoonnMlkIiedda.'
Returns a string like string except that all substrings matching old
are replaced by new. old and new need not to be of the same
length. Default test function for matching is sequal.
If
ssubst should ignore case while searching for old, use
sequalignore
as test. Use start and end to limit searching.
Note that the first character in string is in position 1.
Examples:
(%i1) ssubst("like","hate","I hate Thai food. I hate green tea.");
(%o1) I like Thai food. I like green tea.
(%i2) ssubst("Indian","thai",%,'sequalignore,8,12);
(%o2) I like Indian food. I like green tea.
Like subst
except that only the first substring that matches old
is replaced.
Returns a string like string, but with all characters that appear in seq removed from both ends.
Examples:
(%i1) "/* comment */"$
(%i2) strim(" /*",%);
(%o2) comment
(%i3) slength(%);
(%o3) 7
Like strim
except that only the left end of string is trimmed.
Like strim
except that only the right end of string is trimmed.
Returns the substring of string beginning at position start and ending at position end. The character at position end is not included. If end is not given, the substring contains the rest of the string. Note that the first character in string is in position 1.
Examples:
(%i1) substring("substring",4);
(%o1) string
(%i2) substring(%,4,6);
(%o2) in
Returns string except that lowercase characters from position start to end are replaced by the corresponding uppercase ones. If end is not given, all lowercase characters from start to the end of string are replaced.
Example:
(%i1) supcase("english",1,2);
(%o1) English
Returns a list of tokens, which have been extracted from the argument
string. The tokens are substrings, whose characters satisfy a certain
test function. If the argument test is not given, the test
constituent is used as the default test. The set of test functions is
{.
(The Lisp-version of constituent,
alphacharp,
digitcharp,
lowercasep,
uppercasep,
charp,
alphanumericp
}tokens is written by Paul Graham.
ANSI Common Lisp, 1996, page 67.)
Examples:
(%i1) tokens("24 October 2005");
(%o1) [24, October, 2005]
(%i2) tokens("05-10-24",'digitcharp);
(%o2) [05, 10, 24]
(%i3) map(parse_string,%);
(%o3) [5, 10, 24]
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